The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) provides a quantitative means of characterising how light is reflected from a surface. It is defined as the ratio of radiance scattered by ...

Polarimetric Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (pBRDF) modelling is an advanced optical framework that links the intrinsic properties of material surfaces to the polarisation state of ...

A research team has developed a new way to measure and predict how plant leaves scatter and reflect light, revealing that leaf optical behavior can be accurately inferred from measurable phenotypic ...

A research team has developed a new hybrid artificial intelligence framework that can accurately estimate leaf nitrogen content without relying on labor-intensive field measurements.