Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) constitute major signalling pathways through which eukaryotic cells respond to extracellular stimuli 1,2. There are several subfamilies of MAPKs in higher ...

Gene expression is the process by which genetic information is used to produce proteins, which are essential for cells to function properly and fulfil their many purposes. It takes place in two ...

Although it has been hypothesized for thirty years that many human adaptations are likely to be due to changes in gene regulation 1, almost nothing is known about the modes of natural selection acting ...