A point light source (laser) is used by confocal microscopy which is focused onto the sample. The reflected (fluorescence) light is often collected with the same objective and then focused into a ...

Raman spectroscopy can be combined with optical confocal microscopy to generate a new analytic technique called Raman microscopy. Light microscopy has several advantages: it can be used to observe ...

Definition:Raman Spectroscopy is a sophisticated analytical technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. This material characterization technique ...

(a) Schematic diagram of the pump burst and the Stokes burst in the time domain. N: number of pulses in burst. ∆τ: inter-pulse temporal separation. φ: pulse-to-pulse offset phase. Ω R: Raman frequency ...

The Raman effect is based on light scattering. In most instances, light that “hits” a molecule does not interact with it and so the photon does not lose energy. This process is known as elastic ...

Bioreactors have become irreplaceable tools in bioprocessing, revolutionizing the production of many biotechnological products. 1,2 They offer optimized and controlled environments to enhance cell ...

Polymer extrusion transforms materials, optimizing properties through real-time Raman spectroscopy and PCA for enhanced ...