The quantum of thermal conductance, G Q = πk B 2 T/6ℏ, provides the fundamental upper limit for heat conduction through a single channel 8,9. Here, T is the temperature, k B denotes the Boltzmann ...

When the free electrons absorb heat energy, they move much faster. As they move through the metal, free electrons crash into metal ions. This process is very much faster than conduction caused by just ...