For the main energy storage system for EVs, Li-ion batteries are extensively applied owing to their excellent overall performance The safe and efficient operation of the electric vehicle significantly ...

Lithium-ion batteries are pivotal for the operation of electric vehicles, providing energy storage that supports both performance and safety. The state of charge (SOC), a key metric denoting remaining ...

SoC is typically expressed as a percentage of a battery’s total energy storage capacity. For example, an SoC of 50% means a battery is half-charged. Accurate and reliable SoC measurement is essential ...

In the rapidly evolving landscape of electric vehicles (EVs) and large-scale energy storage systems, accurate battery management remains a critical challenge. The state-of-charge (SOC) ...