Starting with the sensor, measuring and controlling temperature is an essential building block of process industries. Automatic control in continuous processes uses industrial control systems to ...

CO 2 refrigeration (R-744) systems operate at significantly higher pressures compared to legacy hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) systems. For example, on hot summer days, between its medium-temperature ...

Low-pressure controls are a common accessory added to many refrigeration systems. They are normally used to electrically cycle a compressor on and off; however, when and why they do so will vary based ...

In pressure relief systems, accurately estimating temperature changes during fluid flow is vital for relief piping sizing. Fluid velocity changes and the Joule-Thomson effect (affecting non-ideal ...

As medical diagnostics labs accelerate automation to increase workflow, systems are becoming more complex as they continue shrink in size, perform multiple tasks, and comprise evermore ...

The automobile sector must ensure that its products can function in such a wide temperature range and with such fast temperature fluctuations without failing or experiencing material fatigue. An ...