From ribosomes assembling proteins to viruses attacking cells, the main dramas in biology happen on a scale that is, tantalizingly, just one order of magnitude below the resolution of the best optical ...

To measure the refractive index distribution in porcine eye lenses for two wavelengths from the visible spectrum: 532 and 633 nm, in order to determine whether there are any discernible wavelength ...

Scientists have developed the first flat lens for immersion microscopy. This lens, which can be designed for any liquid, may provide a cost-effective and easy-to-manufacture alternative to the ...

For the first time, physicists have devised a way to make visible light travel in the opposite direction that it normally bends when passing from one material to another, like from air through water ...

On a late night in February 2011, two Princeton University researchers packed a small object into a box and set it out for the morning mail. The engineers had spent four years developing a new type of ...

Light is refracted when it enters a material like water or glass. Depending on the density of the material, light will reduce in speed as it travels through, causing it to change direction. Ray ...

The first law of refraction states that the incident rays, refracted rays, and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The ratio of the sine of the angle of ...

Although negative refraction has been demonstrated at microwave frequencies in a quasi-homogeneous metamaterial 4, imaging by a flat lens is severely constrained because of large dissipation 5,6 and ...

The original goal was to investigate biological samples on a molecular scale – but this soon led to stubborn technical problems. Eventually, however, the researchers realized that the very source of ...